Notes on "On the Sublime" by Longinus

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Notes On "On the Sublime" by Longinus



Introduction

On the Sublime (Peri Hypsous) is a famous work of literary criticism traditionally attributed to Longinus. It is one of the most influential texts in Western literary theory. The treatise discusses the nature of sublimity in literature and explains how great writing elevates the minds of readers and listeners.


Meaning of the Sublime

The sublime is greatness or elevation of style that inspires awe and admiration. It goes beyond mere persuasion or entertainment.  Sublime literature transports the reader into a state of wonder and emotional exaltation.  According to Longinus, true sublimity has the power to endure through time and appeal to all generations.


Definition  :  "The Sublime consists in a certain distinction and excellence in expression."


Purpose of Literature

Literature should not merely inform or persuade. Great literature should elevate the human spirit.  The sublime enables readers to experience grandeur, nobility, and emotional intensity.


Five Sources of the Sublime

Longinus identifies five principal sources:


1. Grandeur of Thought : The writer must possess noble and elevated ideas.  Great thoughts arise from greatness of soul.  Sublime writing reflects moral and intellectual excellence.  Example: The epics of Homer display lofty imagination and heroic vision.


2. Strong and Inspired Emotion : Genuine passion creates powerful literature.  Intense emotions such as love, fear, wonder, and enthusiasm contribute to sublimity.  Artificial emotions weaken literary effect.


3. Appropriate Use of Figures of Speech : Rhetorical devices enhance sublimity when used naturally.

Examples: Apostrophe, Rhetorical questions, Hyperbole, Asyndeton.  Figures should arise organically from the subject and emotion.


4. Noble Diction : Choice of words is crucial.  Sublime language includes:  Powerful vocabulary,  Metaphors,  Vivid imagery,  Dignified expression,  Proper diction gives grandeur and beauty to thought.


5. Dignified Composition : Arrangement of words and sentences creates harmony and majesty.Style, rhythm, and structure contribute to the overall effect. A well -composed work leaves a lasting impression.


Characteristics of the Sublime : Grandeur, Emotional intensity, Nobility, Majesty, Universality, Timeless appeal, Power to elevate the audience, 


Obstacles to the Sublime : Longinus warns against faults that destroy sublimity: Bombast,  Overblown and exaggerated language. False grandeur that appears ridiculous. Puerility, Childish cleverness and excessive ornamentation. Over-elaborate style lacking seriousness. False Emotion, Artificial or exaggerated feelings. Emotional excess not justified by the subject.


Longinus on Genius and Art : 

               Sublimity results from both natural genius and artistic skill.  Talent alone is insufficient.  Rules alone cannot create greatness.  The best literature combines inspiration with craftsmanship.


Importance of Moral Character : 

                     Longinus connects literary greatness with moral greatness.  Noble thoughts come from a noble mind.  A corrupt or petty spirit cannot easily produce sublime literature. 


Critical Significance : 

                One of the earliest and most influential works of literary criticism.  Emphasizes the emotional and imaginative power of literature.  Influenced critics and writers such as Edmund Burke, John Milton, and William Wordsworth.  Helped shape Romantic ideas about imagination and artistic greatness.


Conclusion

                   On the Sublime argues that the highest aim of literature is to achieve sublimity—a quality that elevates, inspires, and overwhelms the audience with admiration. Longinus teaches that great literature arises from lofty thought, genuine emotion, effective rhetoric, noble language, and harmonious composition. The work remains a cornerstone of literary criticism and aesthetics.

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