Advance English Grammar (E book) / Difficult Terms of English Language !

Advance English Grammar (E book) / Difficult Terms of English Language !

        दोस्तों, इसके पहले वाली किताब में हमने इंग्लिश सीखने के लिए जरुरी बेसिक ग्रामर के बारे में जानकारी ली थी। अब यह किताब उसके आगे की जानकारी आपको देगी।  इसमें इंग्लिश की कुछ कठिन ग्रामर, और इंग्लिश में स्वयं पत्र, निबंध, पैराग्राफ आदि लिखना तथा अनसीन पैसेज हल करना एवं समरी और नोट मेकिंग सिखाया  गया है -

Index

1. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences

2. The Clause

3. Prefix and Suffix

4. Active Voice and Passive Voice

5. Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration)

6. Seen and Unseen Passage Solution

7. Summary and Note Making

8. Essay, Letter, Notice, Poster and Paragraph writing

9. All the Do as Directed Questions 

1. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences

   साधारण, संयुक्त, और मिश्रित वाक्य 

 

1.  Simple Sentence साधारण वाक्य !

            वह वाक्य जिसमे केवल एक ही क्रिया होती है वह साधारण वाक्य कहलाता है। 

1. He heard a noise. He got up.
= Hearing a noise, he got up.

    आवाज सुनकर, वह जाग गया। 
2. She speaks Hindi. She speaks English.
= She speaks Hindi and English.

वह हिंदी और अंग्रेजी बोलता है। 
3. Will you take tea? Will you take coffee?
= Will you take tea or coffee?

         क्या तुम चाय या कॉफ़ी लोगे?
4. He came here and took away my pen. (Compound)
= He came here to take away my pen.

   वह मेरा पेन लेने के लिए यहाँ आया। 
5. As soon as the teacher came, we became silent. (Complex)
= We became silent after coming of the the teacher.

   शिक्षक के आने के बाद हम चुप हो गए। 

2. Compound Sentence संयुक्त वाक्य 

वह वाक्य जो दो पूर्ण वाक्यों को जोड़कर बनाया जाता है, संयुक्त वाक्य कहलाता है।  जैसे - 

1. Tom got up. He went to playground.
= Tom got up and he went to playground.
2. He is rich. He is unhappy.
= He is rich but he is unhappy. 
3. It was getting dark. We went home.
= It was getting dark so we went home.
4. You may take either of the pens. (Simple)
= You may take this pen or you may take that pen. 
5. If you do this, I shall be satisfied. (Complex)
= Do this and I shall be satisfied.

3. Complex Sentence मिश्रित वाक्य 

            इन वाक्यों में एक पूर्ण उपवाक्य (Principal Clause)  होता है जिस पर  कई अन्य सह उपवाक्य (Sub-ordinate Clause)  अपने अर्थ के लिए निर्भर होते हैं।  जैसे -
1. I want to go. The child begins to cry. 
= As I want to go, the child begins to cry. 
2. Don't eat too much. You will be ill.
= If you eat too much, you will be ill. 
3. Megha is busy. She can not attend the meeting.
= Since Megha is busy, she can not attend the meeting.
4. Father desired me to go. (Simple)
= Father desired that I must go. 
5. He was clever and so he succeeded. ( Compound)
= As he was clever so he succeeded.

2. The Clauses उपवाक्य !

            वह वाक्य जो एक बड़े वाक्य का अपूर्ण हिस्सा होता है, उपवाक्य कहलाता है।  उपवाक्य सामान्यतः Relative Pronoun (who, which, whose, wohm, etc.) or Relative Adverb (what, when, where, etc.) से शुरू होते हैं।  मूलतः उपवाक्य तीन प्रकार के होते हैं।  जैसे -

1. Adjective Clause विशेषण उपवाक्य 
वह उपवाक्य जो किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताता है, विशेषण कहलाता है। जैसे - 
1. She is a girl. She has got first prize.
= She is the girl who has got first prize.
    वह वो लड़की है जिसने प्रथम पुरुस्कार पाया है। 
2. We lived at this place.
= This is the place where we lived.
    यह वह स्थान है जहाँ हम रहते थे। 
3. He comes here at this time.
= This is the time when he comes here.
    यह वह समय है जब वह यहाँ आता है। 
4. He is a person. He will help us.
= It is he who will help us.
    यह वही है जो हमारी मदद करेगा। 

2. Adverb Clause क्रिया विशेषण उपवाक्य 
वह उपवाक्य जो किसी क्रिया या विशेषण की विशेषता बताता है, क्रिया विशेषण उपवाक्य कहलाता है। जैसे -
1. He came here. I was reading at that time.
= He came here when I was reading.
2. She did a work. She wished to do that work.
= She did what she wished to do.
3. He went there. We told him to go there.
= He went where we told him to go. 
4. You are beautiful. Your sister is beautiful.
= You are as beautiful as your sister.
3. Noun Clause संज्ञा उपवाक्य 
वह उपवाक्य जो किसी बड़े वाक्य में कर्ता, कर्म, या अतिरिक्त के स्थान पर आता है, संज्ञा उपवाक्य कहलाता है।  जैसे - 
1. She told something. It was true.
= What she told was true.
2. He went somewhere. That place is unknown.
= Where he went is unknown.
3. I bought something. I wanted to buy that.
= I bought what I wanted to buy.
4. She comes here. I call her here. 
= She comes here whenever I call her. 

नोट : इसके अतिरिक्त इन्ही उपवाक्यों को अन्य नामों से भी पढ़ाया जाता है।  जैसे -
1. Nominative Clause = Noun Clause
2. Relative Clause = Relative Pronoun/Adverb Clause
3. Adverbial Clause = Adverb Clause
4. Gerundive Clause (verb + ing) = Noun Clause
ex. Calling me there, he went out.
5. Infinitive Clause (to + verb) = Noun Clause
ex. To post a letter, sheela went to post office. 

3. Prefix and Suffix

4. Active Voice and Passive Voice ! 

         कारत्वाच्य एवं कर्मवाच्य !

1. Active Voice कर्त वाच्य 

   वह वाकया जो कर्ता से आरम्भ होता है कर्त वाच्य कहलाता है।  जैसे -
       She speaks English very well.
       वह बहुत अच्छी अंग्रेजी बोलती है। 
2. Passive  Voice कर्म वाच्य 
    वह वाक्य जो कर्म से आरम्भ किया जाता है कर्म वाच्य कहलाता है।  जैसे -
        English is spoken very well by her.
        उसके द्वारा अच्छी अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है। 

Some Common Rules

कुछ सामान्य नियम !

1. वाक्य को active से passive में बदलने के लिए कर्ता को कर्म और कर्म को कर्ता बना दिया जाता है।  मुख्य क्रिया का तीसरा रूप लिखा जाता है तथा नए कर्म से पहले कोई सम्बन्ध बोधक शब्द by, at, on, to, with, आदि लगा दिया जाता है।  जैसे -
     We helped him there. (Active)
      हमने वहां उसकी मदद की। 
     He was helped there by us. (Passive)
     हमारे द्वारा वहां उसकी मदद की गयी।
२. वाक्य को passive voice में बदलते समय अगले tense की सहायक क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है।  परन्तु present continuous और past continuous में ऐसा न करके उसी tense की सहायक क्रिया साथ being लगा दिया जाता है। जैसे - 
      Active                       Passive
Do/dose (Verb I)             is/am/are
Is/am/are                        is/am/are + being
Has/have                        has/have + been
Did (Verb II)                    was/were
Was/were                        was/were + being
Had                                 had + been
Will/shall                         will/shall + be
Will / shall + have            will / shall + have been
नोट : यदि हम उपरोक्त सूत्र को याद कर लेते हैं तो हमें बहुत से अन्य सूत्रों को 
याद करने की जरूरत नहीं होगी।  जैसे - 
1. We play cricket here.
    हम यहाँ क्रिकेट खेलते हैं। 
    Cricket is played here by us.
    हमारे द्वारा यहाँ क्रिकेट खेला जाता है। 
2. We do not play cricket here.
    हम यहाँ क्रिकेट नहीं खेलते हैं। 
    Cricket is not played here by us.
    हमारे द्वारा यहाँ क्रिकेट खेला जाता है। 
3. Do we play cricket here?
    क्या हम यहाँ क्रिकेट खेलते हैं ?
    Is cricket played here by us?
    क्या हमारे द्वारा यहाँ क्रिकेट खेला जाता है ?
4. They are supporting me.
     वे मेरा समर्थन कर रहे हैं। 
    I am being supported by them.
    उनके द्वारा मेरा समर्थन किया जा रहा है। 
5. They are not supporting me.
    I am not being supported by them.
6. Are they supporting me?
    Am I being supported by them?
7. Sheela has sold her old books.
    Her old books have been sold by Sheela.
8. Sheela has not sold her old books.
    Her old books have not been sold by Sheela.
9. Has Sheela sold her old books?
    Have her old books been sold by Sheela? 
10. You invited her in the party. 
       She was invited in the party by you
11. You did not invite her in the party.
      She was not invited in the party by you.
12. Did you invite her in the party?
      Was she invited in the party by you?
13. I was singing a song.
      A song was being sung by me.
14. I was not singing a song.
      A song was not being sung by me.
15. Was I singing a song?
      Was a song being sung by me?
16. Rekha had cleaned this room.
      This room had been cleaned by Rekha.
17. Rekha had not cleaned this room.
      This room had not been cleaned by Rekha.
18. Had Rekha cleaned this room?
      Had this room been cleaned by Rekha?
19. She will play chess.
      Chess will be played by her.
20. She will not play chess.
      Chess will not be played by her.
21. Will she play chess?
      Will chess be played by her?
22. I shall have made a house.
      A house will have been made by me.
23. I shall not have made a house.
      A house will not have been made by me.
24. Shall I have made a house?
      Will a house have been made by me?
3. सर्वनामों को निम्नानुसार परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है -
      Subject              Object
       I                         Me
      You                    You
      They                  Them
      We                     Us
      He                      Him
      She                    Her
      It                        It
     One                    One
4. वह वाक्य जिसमे कोई मुख्य क्रिया न हो उसका passive voice नहीं बनता है। जैसे -
     I have a good book.  (No passive)
     She was a school teacher. (No passive)
5. वह वाक्य जिसमे कर्म न हो उसका passive voice नहीं बनता है।  जैसे -
     He reads here.  (No passive)
     They play with me. (No passive)
6. Go तथा Come जैसी क्रियाओं का Passive Voice नहीं बनता है। जैसे -
     They went to Bhopal. ( No passive)
     She has come here at 5 p.m. (No passive)
7. सभी Perfect Continuous तथा Future Continuous Tense के वाक्यों का  
    Passive Voice नहीं बनता है।  जैसे -  
     They have been singing a song. ( No passive)
      She will be writing a book. ( No passive)

यदि आप कविता कहानी पढ़ना पसंद करते हैं तो नीचे दी गई लिंक को द बा एं !

https://kavygatha.blogspot.com/2023/01/who-was-he.html

Exercise अभ्यास !

1. Passive of Questions
Active = Q.W. + h.v. + Sub. + m.v. + Obj.?
Passive = Q.W. + h.v. + Sub.(O) + V III + by + Obj.(S)?
ex. Why do you abuse him? (A.V.)
      Why is he abused by you? (P.V.)
      Where was she playing chess? (A.V.)
      Where was chess being played by her? (P.V.)
      When will they have called us? (A.V.)
      When shall we have been called by them? (P.V.)
2. Passive of "Who"
Active = Who + h.v. + m.v. + Obj?
Passive = By whom + h.v. + Sub. (O) + Verb III?
ex. Who is helping them there? (A.V.)
      By whom are they being helped there? (P.V.)
      Who had saved me? (A.V.)
      By whom had I been saved? (P.V.)
3. Passive of Order
Active = Verb I + Obj. + Add.
Passive = Let + Obj. + be + Verb III + Add.
ex. Send them back now. (A.V.)
      Let them be sent back now. (P.V.)
      Bring that bag to me. (A.V.)
      Let that bag be brought to me. (P.V.)
      Switch off the fan now. (A.V.)
      Let the fan be switched off now. (P.V.)
4. Passive of Request
Active = Please + Verb I + Obj. + Add. 
Passive = You are requested to + Verb I + Obj. + Add.
ex. Please sit down here. (A.V.)
      You are requested to sit down here. (P.V.)
      Please give me a book. (A.V.)
      You are requested to give me a book. (P.V.)
5. Passive of Permission
Active = Let + Obj. + Verb I + Add. 
Passive = Let + Sub.(obj.) + be + verb III + Add. 
ex. Let her sing here. (A.V.)
      Let she be sung here. (P.V.)
      Let them work without fear. (A.V.)
      Let they be worked without fear. (P.V.)
      Let John marry Merry. (A.V.)
      Let John be married Merry. (p.V.)
6. Passive of Modals 
Active = Sub. modal + Verb I + Obj.
Passive = Sub.(S) + modal + be + Verb III + by + Obj.(S)
ex. We should help him. (A.V.)
      He should be helped by us. (P.V.)
      They may not play chess. (A.V.)
      Chess may not be played by them. (P.V.)
      She can read English. (A.V.)
      English can be read by her. (P.V.)
7. Passive of Infinitive
Active = Sub. + h.v. + to + verb I + Obj.
Passive = Sub.(O) + h.v. + to be + verb III + by + Obj.(S)
ex. We are to narrate a poem. (A.V.)
      A poem is to be narrated by us. (P.V.)
      He was to play harmonium. (A.V.)
      Harmonium was to be played by him. (P.V.)
      I have to write a letter. (A.V.)
      A letter has to be written by me. (P.V.)
8. यदि कोई वाक्य they, someone, somebody, people आदि से आरम्भ होता है 
    तो उसका passive बनाते समय इन शब्दों को हटा दिया जाता है। जैसे -
People made him king. (A.V.)
He was made king. (P.V.)
Someone asked me my name. (A.V.)
I was asked my name. (P.V.)
They will give all his money to you. (A.V.)
All his money will be given to you. (P.V.)  

5. Direct and Indirect Speech
     प्रत्यक्ष एवं अप्रत्यक्ष कथन 

1. Direct Speech प्रत्यक्ष कथन 

       वह वाक्य जिसमे हम किसी के कहे हुए कथन को उसी के शब्दों में लिख देते हैं , 
      प्रत्यक्ष कथन कहलाता है। जैसे - 
       Mohan said, "I am going to school."
       मोहन ने कहा , " मैं स्कूल जा रहा हूँ। "
2. Indirect Speech  अप्रत्यक्ष कथन 
      वह वाक्य जिसमे हम किसी के कहे हुए कथन को अपने शब्दों में लिख देते हैं,
      अप्रत्यक्ष कथन कहलाता है। जैसे -
      Mohan said that he was going to school.
      मोहन ने कहा कि वह स्कूल जा रहा था।
3. Reporting Speech कहता हुआ कथन 
     वह कथन जो inverted commas के बाहर होता है reporting speech कहलाता हैं।
4. Reported Speech  कहा गया कथन 
    वह कथन जो inverted commas के अंदर होता है reported speech कहलाता है। जैसे -
She said to me, " You are my friend."
(reporting speech) (reported speech) 

Some Common Rules कुछ सामान्य नियम 

1. Direct को Indirect में बदलते समय comma तथा inverted commas को हटा दिया जाता है।  Reporting तथा Reported Speech को जोड़ने के लिए किसी संयोजक that, if, to, आदि का प्रयोग करते हैं।  को साधारण वाक्य में बदल देते हैं। जैसे -
 I said to her, " You are a student." (Direct)
 मैंने उससे कहा , " तुम एक विद्यार्थी हो। "
 I told her that she was a student. (Indirect)
 मैंने उससे कहा कि वह एक विद्यार्थी थी।
2. यदि Reporting Speech भूतकाल में हो तो  Reported Speech के Tense  को 
    निम्नानुसार बदल देते हैं।  जैसे - 
Direct                               Indirect
Simple Present                Simple Past
Present Continuous         Past continuous
Present Perfect                Past Perfect
Present Perf. Cont.          Past Perf. Cont.
Simple Past                     Past Perfect
Past Continuous              Past Perf. Cont.
will/shall                           would/should
can/may                           could /should
ex. He said, " I have thrown the garbage." (direct)
      उसने कहा ," मैंने कचरा फेक दिया है। "
      He said that he had thrown the garbage. (indirect)
       उसने कहा कि उसने कचरा फेक दिया था। 
      You said, " I shall sing." (direct)
       तुमने कहा ," मैं गाऊंगा। "
      You said that you would sing. (indirect)
       तुमने कहा कि तुम गाने वाले थे।
3. सर्वनामों को निम्नानुसार परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है।  जैसे - 
        कर्ता        कर्म         संबोधक 
        I              Me         My
        You         You        Your
        They       Them     Their
        We          Us         Our
        He           Him        His
        She         Her        Her's
        It              It            It's
       One          One       One's
4. यदि Reporting Speech भूतकाल में हो तो Reported Speech में आये हुए निकटता सूचक शब्दों को निम्नानुसार दूरिसूचक शब्दों में बदल दिया जाता है।  जैसे -
     Direct                                Indirect
     This यह                              That वह 
     Here यहाँ                           There वहां 
     Now  अब                           Then तब 
     Come आना                       Go जाना 
     These ये                           Those वो 
     Thus अतः                          So इसलिए 
      Ago  पहले                         Before के पहले 
     Today  आज                       That day उस दिन 
      Yesterday  बिता हुआ कल   The previous day पहले वाला दिन 
      Tomorrow आने वाला कल    The next day अगला दिन 
      Last night पिछली रात         The previous night पिछली रात 
५. यदि Reported Speech में Sir, Madam, Dear, आदि शब्द हों तो Indirect Speech में बदलते समय told  के पहले respectfully/affectionately  लिखा जाता है।  जैसे - 
        She said to me, " Don't worry, dear!" (Direct)
        उसने मुझसे कहा , " चिंता मत करो प्यारे !"
        She affectionately told me not to worry. (Indirect)
        उसने मुझसे स्नेहपूर्वक चिंता न करने को कहा।
6. यदि Reported Speech में Yes आता है तो उसे हटा देते हैं और told के पहले replied in the affirmative and लिख देते हैं  और No आने पर replied in the negative and लिख देते हैं।  जैसे - 
       She said to me, " No, I don't know you." (direct)
        उसने मुझसे कहा," नहीं, मैं तुम्हे नहीं जानती। "
       She replied in the negative and told me that she didn't know me. (indirect)
       उसने नकारात्मक में जवाब दिया और मुझसे कहा कि वह मुझे नहीं जानती थी।
7 . यदि Reported Speech का कर्ता he, she, it they या कोई संज्ञा हो तो Indirect में 
     बदलते समय उसे परिवर्तित नहीं करते हैं। जैसे -
       They said to me, "He is a good boy." (direct)
        उन्होंने मुझसे कहा, " वह एक अच्छा लड़का है। "
       They told me that he was a good boy. (indirect)
        उन्होंने मुझसे कहा कि वह एक अच्छा लड़का था।
8.  Reported Speech के I तथा We सम्बन्ध Reporting Speech के कर्ता से होता है जबकि  
     You का सम्बन्ध कर्म से होता है तथा इसी आधार पर इन्हे परिवर्तित किया जाता है। जैसे - 
       He said to me, " You are my friend." (direct)
       उसने मुझसे कहा, " तुम मेरे मित्र हो। "
       He told me that I was his friend. (indirect)
       उसने मुझसे कहा कि मैं उसका मित्र था। 
       They said to you, " We are happy. (direct)
       उन्होंने तुमसे कहा, " हम खुश हैं। "
       They told you that they were happy. (indirect)
        उन्होंने तुमसे कहा कि वे खुश थे। 
9. यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य Past Perfect या Past Perfect Continuous Tense में हो तो Indirect  में बदलते समय उसका Tense परिवर्तित नहीं करते हैं।  जैसे - 
        Hema said, " I had written a poem." (direct)
        हेमा ने कहा, " मैंने एक कविता लिखी थी। "
        Hema said that she had written a poem. (indirect)
        हेमा ने कहा की उसने एक कविता लिखी थी। 
10 .  यदि Reporting Speech वर्तमान काल या भविष्य काल में हो तो Indirect बनाते समय                        Reported Speech का Tense परिवर्तित नहीं करते हैं।  जैसे - 
       Father will say to her," You are late today." (direct)
       पिताजी उससे कहेंगे, " तुम्हे आज देरी हो गयी है। "
       Father will tell her that she is late today. (indirect)
       पिताजी उससे कहेंगे कि  उसे आज देरी हो गयी है। 
11 . यदि Reported Speech में आदत, परंपरा, ध्रुव सत्य, कहावत, आदि वाले वाक्य हों तो Indirect बनाते समय इनका Tense परिवर्तित नहीं किया जाता है। जैसे -
       He said, " I daily go to walk." (direct)
       उसने कहा , " मैं रोज घूमने जाता हूँ। "
       He said that he daily goes to walk. (indirect)
       उसने कहा कि वह रोज घूमने जाता है। 
       The teacher said, " The Hindus go to to temple." (direct)
       शिक्षक ने कहा , " हिन्दू लोग मंदिर जाते हैं। "
       The teacher said that the Hindus go to temple. (indirect)
       शिक्षक ने कहा कि हिन्दू लोग मंदिर जाते हैं। 
       Hamlet said, " Everything is fair in love and war." (direct)
       हेमलेट ने कहा, " प्यार और युद्ध में सब जायज है। "
       Hamlet said that everything is fair in love and war. (indirect)
       हेमलेट ने कहा कि  प्यार और युद्ध में सब जायज है। 
       The teacher said, " The sun rises in the east." (direct)
       शिक्षक ने कहा, " सूर्य पूर्व से निकलता है। "
       The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. (indirect)
       शिक्षक ने कहा की सूर्य पूर्व से निकलता है।  

Exercise अभ्यास 

(A) Assertive Sentence साधारण वाक्य 

1. She said to you, " I am not going to school today." 

    She told you that she was not going to school that day.

2. I said to him," The old man died in the night."

    I told him that the old man died in the night.

3. My friend says to me, " You are taller than me."

    My friend tells me that I am taller than him.

4. He said to me, " Yes, I shall come."

    He replied in the affirmative and told me that he would go.

(B) Interrogative Sentence प्रश्न वाचक वाक्य 

नोट : १. Said to के स्थान पर आवश्यकतानुसार asked या inquired of का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

२. यदि Reported Speech किसी सहायक क्रिया से शुरू होती है तो संयोजक If का प्रयोग किया जाता है और यदि किसी प्रश्न वाचक शब्द से शुरू होती है तो उसी शब्द को संयोजक के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

३. Reported Speech को साधारण वाक्य में बदल दिया जाता है।

1. He said to me, " Do you live here?"

    He inquired of me if I lived there.

2. She said to me, " When did you come back?"

    She asked me when I had come back.

3. The teacher said, " Harish, have you done your work?"

    The teacher asked Harish if he had done his work.

(C) Imperative Sentence आज्ञा सूचक वाक्य 

नोट : १.  Said to के स्थान पर आवश्यकतापूर्वक  ordered, requested, advised, forbade, आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।  २. संयोजक to  का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा Reported Speech के Tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं किया जाता है। 

1. He said to me, " Sit down here."

    He ordered me to sit down there.

2. I said to the nurse, " Please give me this cup."

    I requested the nurse to give me that cup.

3. Sadhna said to me, " You should get up before the sunrise."

    Sadhna advised me to get up before the sunrise.

4. She said to the boys, " Do not shout here."

    She forbade the boys to shout there.

(D) Exclamatory Sentence आश्चर्य बोधक वाक्य 

नोट : १.  Said to के स्थान पर आवश्यकतानुसार exclaimed with + sorrow/joy/surprise/praise आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।  २. How तथा What के स्थान पर very या great का प्रयोग  किया जाता है। 

1. They said, " Alas! We are ruined."

    They exclaimed with sorrow that they were ruined.

2. We said, " Hurrah! We have won the match."

    We exclaimed with joy that we had won the match.

3. I said, " Oh! What a beautiful picture it is!" 

    I exclaimed with surprise that it was a very beautiful picture.

4. He said to me, " Bravo! You have done a good job."

    He exclaimed with praise that I had done a good job.

(E) Optative Sentence इच्छासूचक वाक्य 

नोट : १. Said to के स्थान पर wished/prayed/bade आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

        २. Reporting Speech के Object को हटा दिया जाता है।

1. He said to me," May God bless you!"

    He prayed that God might bless me.

2. She said to me, " May you succeed in your attempt!"

    She wished that I might succeed in my attempt.

3. The servant said to me, " Thank you, sir!"

     The servant respectfully thanked me.

4. The teacher said," Farewell, my boys!"

    The teacher bade farewell to his boys.

6. How to solve the seen or unseen passages?

            सीन / अनसीन पैसेज को कैसे हल करें ?

                किसी भी seen or unseen passage को हल करते समय सबसे पहले तो आपको उसका अर्थ समझ में आना चाहिए।  अर्थात आपकी ग्रामर के साथ आपका शब्द ज्ञान भी अच्छा होना चाहिए।  यदि आप इतना तैयार हैं तो आपको कोई परेशानी नहीं होगी।  फिर आप उस passage को ध्यान से पढ़ेंगे और उसका अर्थ समझ लेंगे और नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नो को हल कर लेंगे। ऐसे बहुत सारे passage पढ़ लेने पर आप के लिए उन्हें हल करना आसान हो जायेगा - 

# Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below :
                                How did man discover salt? We are not sure. Perhaps, the cattle of Stone Age tribesmen found and fed on salt rock to their caves. Salt springs were found to provide a more constant supply of salt. Villages grew around these springs. Man cut down trees for fuel for evaporating water to obtain salt. In china, the early human settlements were near salt pans on the Yellow River. Everywhere in the world, salt production has been going on for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks and Romans included salt in the offerings they made to their gods. The preservative quality of salt made it a specially fitting symbol of enduring fidelity. The word salt was used in phrases conveying high esteem and honour, in ancient and modern languages. In English, the expression, "the salt of earth", describes a person greatly respected by the community.
                                 It was considered a prestigious item of commerce and civilizations flourished because of it. The sea has always been man's most important source of salt supply. When oceans recede, salt ponds and salt marshes are left behind. The Romans were famous road builders. One of their roads called the Salt Route, built around 400 B.C. exists even today. In those days, salt from Rome was carried along this road to central Italy. The early Egyptians were supplied with salt from swamps at the mouth of the Nile. 

Questions :
1. What is the meaning of 'prestigious' ?
2. The noun form of the word 'describe' is : ....
3. The opposite of the word 'modern' is : .....
4. The ........... of the tribesmen may have carried salt to their caves.
5. The constant supply of salt was made by : .....
6. The early Egyptians used to get salt from swamps at the mouth of ............
7. In those times, around the springs, .......... grew.
8. 'The salt of the earth' means : ........
9. Why do you think salt is very important since early days?
10. How was the 'salt route' important for the Romans?
Answers :
1. having respect, 2. description, 3. ancient, 4. masters, 5. salt springs, 6. Nile River, 
7. villages, 8. a person greatly respected in the society. 9. because civilizations flourished due to salt and trade was increasing. 10. Because in those days, salt from Rome was carried along this road to Central Italy.  

7. How to make notes and summary?

            नोट्स और  सारांश  कैसे बनायें ?

            किसी भी seen or unseen passage को हल करते समय सबसे पहले तो आपको उसका अर्थ समझ में आना चाहिए।  अर्थात आपकी ग्रामर के साथ आपका शब्द ज्ञान भी अच्छा होना चाहिए।  यदि आप इतना तैयार हैं तो आपको कोई परेशानी नहीं होगी।  फिर आप उस passage को ध्यान से पढ़ेंगे और उसका अर्थ समझ लेंगे और नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नो को हल कर लेंगे। ऐसे बहुत सारे passage पढ़ लेने पर आप के लिए उन्हें हल करना आसान हो जायेगा। जैसे - 

                   ऊपर बताये गए तरीके से ही आप note or summery भी बना सकते हैं।  notes में आपको पैराग्राफ में दिए गए महत्वपूर्ण शब्दों और लाइन्स को मार्क करना होता है जो नीचे समझाया जा रहा है।  जबकि summery में आपको पैराग्राफ का पच्चीस प्रतिशत सारांश बनाकर अपने शब्दों में लिखना होता है जिसमे उस पैराग्राफ की पूरी कहानी और अर्थ आ जाये। इस बात को उदाहरण देकर नीचे समझाया गया है।

Question : Read the passage carefully 
and make notes and summery of this :

                 Self-reliance is the pilgrim's staff the worker's best tool. It is the master key that unlocks all the difficulties of life. "Help yourself and Haven will help you" is the maxim which receives daily confirmation. |He who begins with crutches will generally end with crutches. |Help from within always strengthens but help from without invariably enfeebles the recipient. |It is not the sheltered garden, but in the rugged Alpine cliff, where the storms bent most violently, that the toughest plants are reared. It is not by the use of corks, bladers and life-buoys that one can best learn to swim but by plunging courageously into the waves and buffeting them. To wait until some charitable man passes by - to stand with arms folded, singing for a helping hand is not the part of any manly mind. The habits of depending upon others should be vigorously resisted since it tends to weaken the intellectual faculties and paralyses the judgement. The struggle against adverse circumstances has, on the contrary, bracing and strengthening effect, like that of the pure mountain air on an enfeebled frame. This is a lesson which nowadays is not taught in educational institutions. To us it seems the voice of modern system of education that they lay down too many 'royal roads' to knowledge. Those impediments which merely compiled the student to think and labour for himself are now most carefully removed and he glides so smoothly along the well - beaten highways that he pauses not to heed the flowers on either side. 
अनुवाद : स्वयं पर विश्वास ही यात्रा का पुरस्कार है, यह काम करने का सबसे अच्छा औजार है।  यह वह मास्टर चाबी है जो जीवन की सभी कठिनाइयों का ताला  खोल देती है। "स्वयं की मदद करो और ईश्वर तुम्हारी मदद करेगा " यह वह कहावत है जो हर दिन सहीं साबित होती है।  वह जो बैसाखी के सहारे शुरू करता है बैसाखी के सहारे ही ख़तम करता है। अंदर से आने वाले मदद हमें शक्ति देती है जबकि बहार से मिलने वाले मदद हमें कमजोर बना देती है।  सुरक्षित बगीचे पर नहीं बल्कि कठोर और ऊँचे पर्वत पर ही तूफान का झुकाव ज्यादा होता है जहाँ कठोर पेड़ ही खड़ा रह पाता है।  कॉर्क, ब्लाडर, और लाइफबोट से कोई अच्छा तैराक नहीं बन पाता है बल्कि साहस पूर्वक  लहरों में कूदकर और उनसे लड़कर ही कोई अच्छा तैराक बन सकता है।  कोई भी साहसी पुरुष परेशानी के समय हाथ पर हाथ बंधे किसी की मदद के लिए नहीं गिड़गिड़ाता है  कि कोई आएगा और उसे बचाएगा। किसी पर निर्भर रहने की आदत को सहस पूर्वक रोकना चाहिए क्योंकि यह हमारी बुद्धि को मंद और निर्णय को अपाहिज करती है। दूसरी तरफ विपरीत परिस्थितियों से संघर्ष करने से हमें शक्ति मिलती है जैसे किसी कमजोर को पर्वत की शुद्ध हवा।  यह वह सबक है जो आजकल किसी शैक्षणिक संस्था में नहीं पढ़ाया जाता है। हमें लगता है कि आजकल आधुनिक शिक्षा प्रणाली में ज्ञान के बहुत से सरल रास्ते दिखाए जाते हैं। वे बाधाएं  जिससे विद्यार्थी को सोचने और काम करने को मजबूर होना पड़े बहुत सावधानी से हटा दी गयीं हैं, और विद्यार्थी अच्छी तरह बनायीं गयी सड़क पर बड़े आराम से लुढ़कता हुआ चला जाता है यहाँ तक की वह दूसरी तरफ उगने वाले फूलों को भी नहीं देख पाता।

a. Summery of the passage:
                        Self - help is the best help. It gives you strength to solve all your problems. God helps those who help themselves. External help only weakens us. A bold and brave man will not sit idle or wait for a helper. Toughest plants grow on mountains slopes. One should struggle against odds because it gives strength to the mind and spirit. These things are not taught in the schools these days. Modern education does not inspire or compel the students to think or fight back against odds. 

b. Notes: Title - Self - Help
1. Self-help is a master key to success.
2. self - help help to overcome all difficulties.
3. Helps from within gives strength while help from outside weakens us.
4. Toughest plants grow on mountain slopes.
5. Swimming is not learnt by use of corks and bladders.
6. Dependence on others weakens us so don't fear of difficulties but face them.
7. It is a great defect of modern education that it does not compel the students to think and        fight back for themselves.

8. How to Remember the Questions, Answers, Applications, Letters, Notice and Essays.
                            प्रश्न और उत्तर को याद करने का सहीं तरीका यह है कि आप कहानी या कविता को पहले हिंदी में समझ लीजिये फिर उसके प्रश्न और उत्तर का अर्थ समझ कर याद कर लीजिये। सबसे ज्यादा आसान तरीका यही है। इसी तरह निबंध और पत्र वगैरह को भी अर्थ समझ कर याद कर लेना चाहिए। सभी चीजें लिखकर याद करना चाहिए। 

How to write Paragraph पैराग्राफ कैसे लिखें !

1. Make an outline of the given topic in your mind.

     दिए गए टॉपिक की रुपरेखा अपने मस्तिष्क में तैयार कर लें। 

2. Think of the sentences one by one and translate them in English.

     एक के बाद एक वाक्य को सोचिये और इंग्लिश में अनुवाद करिये। 

3. You should have good vocabulary for self writing.

     स्वलेखन के लिए इंग्लिश की शब्दावली का अच्छा  ज्ञान होना चाहिए। 

9. Transformation and Synthesis of Sentences

                     वाक्यों का रूपांतरण और संयोजन 

1. Interrogative to Assertive 

प्रश्नवाचक बनाना से साधारण वाकय बनाना  

a. Am I not a good teacher?

=  I am a good teacher.

b. Who did not know Dilip Kumar?

=  Everone knew Dilip Kumar.

c. Can a man live forever?

=  A man can not live forever.

2. Exclamatory to Assertive 

 आश्चर्यसूचक से साधारण वाक्य बनाना 

a. What a lovely house!

=  It is a very lovely house.

b. O that She were young again!

=  I wish that she were young again.

c. Alas! He is failed again.

=  It is sad that he is failed again.

3. Negative to Affirmative 

नकारात्मक से  सकारात्मक वाक्य बनाना 

a. I am not so poor as he.

=  He is poorer than I.

b. Never abuse anybody.

=  Always use good language for somebody.

c. She is not always foolish.

=  She is sometime wise.

4. Simple to Compound 

साधारण से संयुक्त वाक्य बनाना  

a. Seeing a dog coming, the cat ran away.

=   The cat saw a dog coming and it ran away.

b. He will succeed with your help.

=  Help him and he will succeed.

c. Besides being hard working, she is clever.

=  She is not only hard working but she is clever also.

5. Simple to Complex 

साधारण से मिश्रित वाक्य बनाना 

a. I wish her success.

=  I wish that she should succeed.

b. Your victory is certain.

=  It it certain that you will win.

c. He may go anywhere.

=   He may go wherever he likes.

6. Complex to Compound 

मिश्रित से संयुक्त वाक्य बनाना 

a. If you work, you will get everything.

= Work and you will get everything.

b. As Heena was lazy, she failed.

= Heena was lazy so she failed.

c. Because I am clever, I succeed. 

= I am clever and so I succeed.

7. Use of 'too -to' and 'so - that' 

     (इतना अधिक कि नहीं / इतना कि )

a. The news is too good to be true. 

= The news is so good that it can not be true.

b. Mohan is too weak to walk.

= Mohan is so weak that he can not walk.

c. Sheela was too shy to ask for help.

= Sheela was so shy that she can not ask for help.

8. Make Simple Sentence 

       साधारण वाक्य में बदलना 

a. I have three sons. I have to educate them.

= I have three sons to educate. 

b. He will win the election. That is certain.

= He will certainly win the election. 

9. Make Compound Sentence 

      संयुक्त वाक्य में बदलना 

a.  She went to the fair. She did not buy anything.

=  She went to the fair but did not buy anything. 

b. We can have tea. We can have coffee. 

= We can have tea or coffee.

10. Make Complex Sentence 

       मिश्रित वाक्य में बदलना 

a. I went there. The office was opened.

=  When I went there, the office was opened. 

b. She was wrong. The teacher told her that. 

= The teacher told her that she was wrong.

11. Use 'No sooner - than' in place of 'As soon as'

      (जब तक नहीं तब तक नहीं / जैसे ही वैसे ही ) 

a. The meeting started as soon as the president arrived.

=  No sooner did the president arrive than the meeting started.

b. As soon as the cat is away, the mice play. 

=  No sooner is the cat away than the mice play.

c. As soon as he comes, we start playing. 

=  No sooner does he come than we start playing. 

12. Use 'Unless' in place of 'If' 

      यदि की जगह पर यदि नहीं का प्रयोग 

a. She will come if she is invited.

=  She will not come unless she is invited.

b. If he works hard, he will pass.

=  Unless he works hard, he will not pass. 

c. If you do not go fast, you can not catch the train.

=  Unless you go fast, you can not catch the train.

13. Rewrite or combine the sentence beginning with 'It'

a. Govind will win is sure. 

=  It is sure that Govind will win.

b. He has sold his car. This is good.

=  It is good that he has sold his car.

c. That his father is innocent seems true. 

=  It seems true that his father is innocent.

14. Combine the sentences using 'As soon as'

a. I shall play with you. Father won't call me.

=  As long as I shall play with you, father won't call me.

b. The servant is honest. The employer likes him.

=  As long as the servant is honest, the employer likes him.

c. I am with you. You needn't worry.

=  As long as I am with you, you needn't worry.

15. Combine the sentences using ' such - that'

a. This is an easy question. Even a child can solve it.

=  This is such an easy question that even a child can solve it.

b. She wore a very fine dress. Everyone admired her.

=  She wore such a fine dress that everyone admired her. 

c. He has a rigid nature. No one wishes to talk him. 

=  He has such a rigid nature that no one wishes to talk him.

16. Combine the sentences using ' so - that' 

a. He was very weak. He could not walk. 

=  He was so weak that he could not walk. 

b. Sheela is very wise. Everyone loves her.

=  Sheela is so wise that everyone loves her. 

c. It is very small. I can not catch it. 

=  It is so small that I can not catch it.

17. Make the following sentences emphatic.

नोट : वाक्य को emphatic बनाने के लिए ' do/does/did + verb I' आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

a. She reads the Ramayana.

=  She does read the Ramayana.

b. We play football here. 

=  We do play football here.

c. Meena bought a toy.

=  Meena did buy a toy.

18. Write questions tags of the following sentences.

नोट : Affirmative Sentence के Question Tags नकारात्मक होते हैं 

         और Negative Sentence के Question Tags सकारात्मक होते हैं।

1. He writes a letter. 

= He writes a letter, does he not? (Doesn't he?)

2. They keep the record. 

= They keep the record, don't they?

3. She put her bag here. 

= She put her bag here, didn't she?

4. We are making a bridge. 

= We are making a bridge, aren't we?

5. You can do this work honestly. 

= You can do this work honestly, can't you?

6. Mohan does not speak English. 

= Mohan does not speak English, does he?

7. She could not reach here. 

= She could not reach here, could she?

8. I have not been reading this book. 

= I have not been reading this book, have I been?